Figure 3.14 , Afido, P. Hammarstrm & , A.-M. Bolzano: Bozen-Bolzano University Press. Journal of Phonetics The contact of the front of the tongue is asymmetrical, as the side of the tongue opposite to where the release will be made is braced contra-laterally against the palate. Maddieson, I. (2014) Clicks, Concurrency and Khoisan. While any vowel quality can appear in the first root syllable, affixes draw from a more restricted vowel inventory. Mumba In Pretoria: Via Afrika. (2005) Vowel Duration and Neutralization of Vowel Length Contrasts in Kinyarwanda. 19(1): 119. The acoustic phonetic characteristics of the eight- and nine-vowel systems of some Mbam languages (A40+A60) are detailed in Boyd (2015). Louw, J. This suggests that speakers of the same language may differ in the degree to which they use tongue root position to contrast vowels that are described as differing in the phonological feature [ATR]. Dickens, P. Mbochi C25, which does not have downdrift, still has final lowering due to a L% boundary tone (Rialland & Aborobongui 2016). Phonologists often use [ATR] as a diacritic feature, even to distinguish pairs of vowels such as i/ in English beat/bit where tongue root position is not the phonetic mechanism involved. who has little or no knowledge of the Bantu languages with enough information to adequately understand the subsequent acquisition chapters. Book Description. Berkeley: University of California Press. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins. A. 21(2): 161178. ), Turbulent Sounds: An Interdisciplinary Guide, 245279. Bo Redford, M. A. Hubbard (1994, 1995) suggests that the difference from Ganda is related to the fact that lengthened vowels count in a different way in tone assignment rules in these languages. In Journal of the International Phonetic Association Nurse, D. Sands, B. Pretoria: University of South Africa. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Y. Harnsberger & In . Nagano-Madsen, Y. (2010) More on Post-Nasal Devoicing: The Case of Shekgalagari. (2001) Voiceless Tone Depressors in Nambya and Botswana Kalanga. Figure 3.8 Articulatory positions of six of the vowels of Fang A75 (variety of Bitam). Sands, B. The pharyngealised vowel is longer than the plain vowel, which reflects the origin of the pharyngealisation from a reduced velar stops in C2 position in roots of the shape C1VC2V (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). Heerbaart This would therefore be an important counter-example to the more common pattern found in labial-velar doubly articulated segments in other languages in which the labial closure is formed very slightly later (1015 ms) than the velar one. & Pienaar Guthrie, M. Chebanne In Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Final lowering associated with a L% boundary tone at the end of a sentence in Ngazidja G44a is often associated with a devoiced final syllable (Patin 2016). London: Gregg International. Following Traill et al. Resources listed below are intended to contribute to foundational awareness of potential cultural and linguistic influences. 2016). (2002) Phonetic Characteristics of an Unexploded Palatal Implosive in Hendo. Figure 3.6 Dombrowsky-Hahn, K. | Free trial Clicks have not been reported for Manda group languages and are unlikely to occur unless efforts to revitalise Malawian Ngoni on a Zulu model prove effective (Kishindo 2002). In 2014). 2016). (ed. (2016a) Intonation in African Tone Languages. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31(1): 149. Speakers wear a thin custom-made acrylic insert moulded to the shape of their upper teeth and hard palate in which a number of electrodes are embedded which sense contact between the tongue and the roof of the mouth. Biesele The basic click mechanism does not determine what the larynx is doing while these movements are taking place in the oral cavity, nor whether the velum itself is raised or lowered to block or permit air from the lungs to flow out through the nose. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Figures 3.143.16 (2011) Bantu Substratum Interference in Mozambican Portuguese Speech Varieties. Most Bantu languages are reported as having two series of plosives, voiced and voiceless, and this follows the Proto-Bantu reconstruction of Meeussen (1967). Bakker, P. A. Roux, J. C. Fry, C. & L. J. (2015) Cumulative Effects in Xitsonga: High-Tone Spreading and Depressor Consonants. Swahili, which is spoken by five million people as a mother tongue and some 30 million as a second language, is a Bantu lingua franca important in both commerce and literature. Fehn In this paper, we describe important characteristics and major actional distinctions attested across Bantu languages. W. . UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics (eds. L.-J. Miscellanea Phonetica (eds. (2015) An Acoustic Study of Luganda Liquid Allophones. Positional restrictions are another aspect of prosody in Bantu languages. Odden, D. 2015). ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 1721 August 2009, 219224. 13(2): 171196. Kerremans, R. Byrd These closely related languages have been argued to violate a constraint against voiceless stops after nasals. 19: 111131. Fonetik 2012, 15th Swedish Phonetics Conference, May 30June 1, University of Gothenburg, 7376. EPG frames showing the releasing phase of a post-alveolar click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. Hombert 54: 471486. Ondo This can be shown by calculating the average rate of pressure change over this phase of the click, which is 14.4 hPa/ms for post-alveolars, 7.9 for dentals, and 4.2 hPa/ms for laterals. (eds. A.-M. Washington, DC: Georgetown University, PhD dissertation. , Olson, K. Typically, studies of intonation in Bantu languages tend to look at F0 and duration; measures of intensity and spectral tilt are less often used to identify prosodic cues (Zerbian & Barnard 2008). (1999) Shekgalagari Laryngeal Contrasts: The Plosives. In Rwanda JD61 contrasts long and short vowels yet also has vowel lengthening before NC as well as after a consonant-glide sequence (Myers 2005). 2014, Braver 2017). Based on shared characteristics and on territorial contiguity, Guthrie grouped the Bantu languages into 15 geographical (and partly genetical) zones. 1989, Pongweni 1990). In & Bonn: ISCA-Secretariat. & In (2015) Liko Phonology and Grammar. M. Figure 3.21 & In Bantu, this is typically not the case; the vocal folds are in the normal position for voicing. The phonetic shapes of tone sequences can usually be modeled on the basis of the position and height of local H targets, with the Low tones treated as automatically filled valleys between these points. ), Rhotics: New Data and Perspectives, 173190. Paper presented at Second World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig. Bantu peoples, the approximately 85 million speakers of the more than 500 distinct languages of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family, occupying almost the entire southern projection of the African continent. & Kerremans 1980). x E. Doke, C. M. A. E. Mutaka, N. M. Clements, G. N. (ed. In the Ngwato S31c variety of Tswana S31, ejectives are weak and are sometimes lenited, with loss of ejection: /t k/ ~ [t kx] (Gouskova et al. & This is the mean across three speakers, two male and one female. (1993) Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History. Clicks are also found in Manyo (Gciriku) K332, Sambyu K331, Kwangali K33, Mbukushu K333 and Fwe K402 (Baumbach 1997, Mhlig 1997, Gunnink et al. The chapter is organised into sections on vowels, consonants and prosody. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. B. Dogil, G. & Spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /k/ to suck. See text for discussion of the phonetic segmentation. Figure 3.34 As these show, the first segment is released before the closure for the second is formed. In It is noteworthy that none of the Bantu languages of East Africa appear to have acquired clicks from the surviving or former languages of this area with clicks (Maddieson et al. Blench, R. ), Proceedings of the 8th International Seminar on Speech Production, 137140. Pretoria: J.L. Gussenhoven Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. 25(4): 243257. Dalsagaard, P. ] and to be invariably long. Figure 3.12 A. ), Proceedings of the Sixth Australian Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 5560. Maddieson, I. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences An acoustic artefact of recording in the cylindrical metallic MRI scanner bore is a series of echoes spaced at 53 ms intervals. A rapid reduction in the number of click contrasts occurred more than 100 years ago in the far-flung varieties of Nguni known as Ngoni N12 (Elmslie 1891, Spiss 1904, Doke 1954); Ngoni speakers subsequently shifted from Nguni to languages of the Manda N10 group (Maho 2003). Miller, A. Journal of Phonetics In both languages the oral stop duration in voiced prenasalised stops is very short, so the total segment duration is not so very different from that of a simple nasal. 35(4): 330341. C. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Changes in larynx activity can be variously timed in relation to the action in the oral cavity, and to the timing of movements raising and lowering the velum. H. Figure 3.10 Depressor consonants, ATR/RTR vowels, prenasalised stops, ejectives and clicks are among the sounds that have been investigated using a wide range of articulatory and acoustic instrumental phonetic techniques. Tlale Figure 3.35 2017). Here a pair of vowels in the front and a pair of vowel in the back have such low values of F1 that they are all appropriately considered to be high vowels. 4 (1937), pp. 2009b, Miller 2010, 2016). (1996) The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi. Ladefoged, P. Wentzel A. shows a typical example of /o/ in the word /ko/ to go; /o/ has a low F2 (below 1000 Hz). , (19961997) The Formation of Labial-Velars in Sawabantu: Evidence for Feature Geometry. Ms. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. (1978) Experimental Study of Implosive and Voiced Egressive Stops in Shona: An Interim Report. 2(4): 685729. Zsiga B. (2016) Chimiini Intonation. & Dr. Wilhelm Bleek first used the term "Bantu" in its current sense in his 1862 book A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages, in which . 23(1): 1623. Heins 36(1): 6792. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. (1997) A Dialectometrical Analysis of the Main Kavango Languages: Kwangali, Gciriku and Mbukushu. E. D. Ashby, S. , (eds. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Sanders 15(4): 186191. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. 2017), but they have not been documented in Namibian or Zambian varieties (Baumbach 1997: 311, Jacottet 1896). High tone is generally the phonologically marked tone, with Low tone being unmarked (Stevick 1969, Downing 2011) (see also Chapter 5). While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African & Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a male speaker. In Zulu, for instance, the lexical function is shown in the contrast between yng doctor and yng moon or yl refuse and yl begin. The grammatical function is illustrated in mnt person and mnt it is a person or nghlnz I wash and nghlnz I washing (the participial form). & South African Journal of African Languages Segebarth G.-M. This coding system has become the standard for identifying Bantu languages; it was the only practical way to distinguish many ambiguously named languages before the introduction of ISO 639-3 coding, and it continues to be widely used. The mean results are given in J. S. M. . 2011: 2127). Traill, A. x In Jita JE25, for instance, only the initial syllable of verb roots may contrast in tone (Downing 2011). Create a chart to keep track of your information. Schadeberg A.-M. Language locations are estimated following Maho (2009) and Gieseke and Seifert (2007). Journal of the International Phonetic Association Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies D. Downing, L. J. Figure 3.15 & Premire Partie: Grammaires Soubiya et Louyi. Coupez Although these acoustic measurements are suggestive, it should be borne in mind that inferences from simple formant measures concerning vowel articulation must be made with caution. Impressionistically, there appear to be no differences in vowel quality between pairs that differ in length in the two languages. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. (eds. Pretoria: University of South Africa, UNISA Press. (1996) Final Lowering in Kipare. Contour tones may be restricted to heavy syllables. The term argument is defined by Trask (1993:20) as "a noun phrase . Figure 3.32 M. Brenzinger, M. Only a small part of this difference can be accounted for by the difference in peak pressre between the click types. Provisions have to be made for the special effects of depressor consonants on tone in Nguni languages. . Although most Bantu languages use only one coronal (typically alveolar) and one dorsal (velar) place of articulation, contrasts between dental and alveolar places are found in several languages, and contrasts between velars and uvulars are found in Kgalagari S311 (Dickens 1987, Monaka 2001, 2005). Gunnink, H. Sands, B. When the sequence is voiced, as in /mg bg/, a quite marked central vocoid separates the two segments. Figure 3.21 We may now revisit the Kalanga S16 and Vove B305 high vowels in See Proctor et al. A. Barnard The means for /e o/ plotted here do not include tokens of these raised variants. Kln: Institut fr Afrikanistik der Universitt zu Kln. and Thoughts Prompted by Bilabial and Labiodental Fricatives. Clicks have been reported to occur in Ikuhane, or Botswanan Subiya (Ndana et al. Monaka Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (eds. Miller, A. & 7: 270414. Certain more complex patterns, such as those noted by Hombert (1990) in Fang A75, and by Roux (1995) in Xhosa S41, may require a more elaborate model. A. Leiden: Leiden University, PhD dissertation. Online publication date: January 2019. (2014). Jessen, M. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 393434. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. Then, explain how language has been a unifying or divisive force for each group. Peter Glasgow: University of Glasgow. This kind of display closely parallels the traditional auditorily based vowel space based on perceived height and backness values used, for example, in the IPA Handbook (1999), but has the advantage of being based on verifiable measurement. you are agreeing to our use of cookies. (2017) Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan Language Contact: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach. Maddieson, I. P. C. Patin, C. 17(2): 6581. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research Figure 3.1 (2015) On Medumba Bilabial Trills and Vowels. & Fehn Narrowing the pharynx raises the first formant, other things being equal. Miller, A. (2009) NUGL Online: The Online Version of the New Updated Guthrie List, a Referential Classification of the Bantu Languages (4 Juni 2009) (Available online at. Leiden: Brill. South African Journal of African Languages 21: 327. E. These, we argue, include complex lexicalizations consisting of a. 3. Africana Linguistica Map. Volume 1: Phonologie. & Wesi Abasheikh ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 1721 August 2009, 533543. L. E. Nabirye, M. | Cookies The whistled fricative has more peaked and compact spectra than its non-whistled counterpart, and the fricatives also differ in other acoustic measures. , or as an unaspirated alveolar click ([ruoma]), as in 32(1): 115. Much scholarly work has been done since the late 19th century to describe and classify the Bantu languages. Bantu orthographies usually do not indicate these alternations, unless subsequent developments have created a contrast between, say, /b/ and //, or /b/ and //. (1995) Spirantization and the 7-to-5 Vowel Merger in Bantu. ), Proceedings of ISSP 2006: 7th International Seminar on Speech Production, 565572. Velarised diphthongs occur in Aghem, a Grassfields Bantu languages of the Ring group, where they have seemingly resulted from an intrusive consonantal gesture (Faytak 2013). (eds.) , / all represent a voiced nasal (post)alveolar click. L. Kolossa J. S. (1970a) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. (2014) Evaluating Vowel Normalisation Procedures: A Case Study on Southern Sotho Vowels. Van de Velde, M. These languages have some prosodic features different from English, not widely discussed in the literature. The book discusses the phonetic and morphological characteristics of these 2 zones and a classification of the groups, clusters and dialects is provided. 1981, Poulos 1990). . The white bow-shaped line crossing each midsagittal image is also an artifact. South-West and South-East Bantu languages with clicks. | Terms & conditions. (2010) A Re-evaluation of the Zulu Implosive []. Figure 3.22 Gisamba (ISO 639-3: smx) is a nearly undocumented and undescribed as well as highly endangered Bantu language spoken in the Kwilu and Kwango provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Canberra: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association. & Voen The second line marks the time-point at which the velar closure is released. Figure 3.10 In addition we may note that the front pair /i/ and // and the back pair /u/ and // have F2 values which are identical or nearly so, whereas Nyamwezi F22 /e o/ have F2 values intermediate between the higher and lower vowels in the system. In addition, there may be retraction of the tongue tip, dorsum or tongue root for some clicks (Miller 2008, Miller & Finch 2011). Moore-Cantwell eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe Language Dynamics and Change Jouannet, F. Journal of the International Phonetic Association The peak negative pressures reached in clicks are typically -100 hPa or more and may reach over -200, as shown in Figure 3.28. & (1990) The Role of Contrast in Limiting Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Different Languages. (1995) On the Perception and Production of Tone in Xhosa. 7(1): 146. Downing, L. J. E. D. (eds. An alternation of some kind is probably to be reconstructed to an early stage, possible even pre-Bantu. (1989) An Acoustic and Perceptual Analysis of Xhosa Vowels. Brockhaus. Hombert, J. M. In Nasal vowels in the stem are reported to have the qualities [ Reports and Papers, 235264. In In Source: Image made available by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (cf. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan System. In Changana S53, whistling fricatives occur with a rounded lip posture (Shosted 2011) rather than the narrowed lip posture seen in Shona S10, Kalanga S16 and Tsonga S53. Part of the aim of the present chapter is therefore to draw greater attention to this diversity. (ed. & Figure 3.4 32(1): 97111. Haacke, W. H. G. (1967) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 285320. 2006), as seen for the ATR /e/ and RTR /e/ vowels in parts a) and b) of That Zulu dental clicks are produced with a controlled fricated release is also clear from the way the front release initially involves formation of a narrow channel, clearly visible in frame 150. Ishihara However, from the phonetic point of view, the Bantu languages have fewer articulatorily complex consonants than is sometimes suggested. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics & Sande (2015) Insights from the Field. Volume 1: The Comparative Linguistics of the Bantu Languages. In Rwanda JD61, there is anticipatory coarticulation of tone, with the F0 of a syllable being affected by a High tone in a later syllable (Myers 2003). . Omar African Studies 2007, Miller et al. Figure 3.23 Cape Town: University of Cape Town, PhD dissertation. DOI link for The Bantu Languages of Africa. Vowel harmony in Africa often involves the independent use of pharyngeal cavity size, that is, adjustments of pharynx volume which cannot be accounted for as a function of the height and frontness of the tongue body (see Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 for discussion). Figure 3.16 In In languages which have lost the contrast, each TBU is both a syllable and a mora (and pre-consonantal nasals are typically non-syllabic). Egert, M. The most detailed study remains that of Traill et al. Figure 3.19 Figure 3.2 The interaction of final lowering and downstep in Pare G22 is detailed in Herman (1996). Ladefoged 11: 127149. (1969) Bantu Lexical Reconstructions. van Schaik. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation, 885889. Examples are given in 31: 179198. Stanford: CSLI Publications. Downstep affects the second of two adjacent High tones in Tswana S31 (Zerbian & Kgler 2015) and Bemba M42 (Kula & Hamann 2016). Paper presented at LSA Annual Meeting, January
Tensaw River Hunting Club,
Israel Keyes Samantha Koenig Eyelids,
Articles C